[62] John Darwin, After Tamerlane: The Rise and Fall of Global Empires, 1400-2000 (New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2008). Compared to Mahan, Kennedy placed a great deal more emphasis on the central economic factor of industrial productivity in the making of naval power. [16] A.T. Mahan, Letters and Papers of Alfred Thayer Mahan [hereafter LPATM] Vol I-III, ed. Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan was assigned there. II (London: Sampson Low, Marston and Company, 1905), 164. In The Interest of America in International Conditions (1910), Mahan foresaw the then-emerging First World War and the underlying geopolitical conditions leading to the Second World War, recognizing that Germanys central position in Europe, her unrivalled industrial and military might on the continent, and her quest for sea power posed a threat to Great Britain and ultimately the United States. He did not realize the extent to which technology would affect, for instance, the validity of some of his six elements of sea power. A Great Wall 236 submarine of the . [7] In doing so these navalists spurred on what one historian has called the American Naval Revolution: the radical re-making of the U.S. Navy and with it the entry of the United States into the ranks of the North Atlantic maritime powers as an empire among empires, in 1898.[8]. Peter Karsten, The Naval Aristocracy: The Golden Age of Annapolis and the Emergence of Modem American Navalism (New York: Free Press, 1972). It was Alfred Thayer Mahan who first coined the term "sea power.". [54] Obituary, Letters and Papers of Professor Sir John Knox Laughton, 1830-1915, ed. The Influence of Sea Power Upon History: 1660-1783 is a history of naval warfare published in 1890 by Alfred Thayer Mahan. Panama. Prior to 1940 articles all text has been corrected, but from 1940 to the present most still remain uncorrected. Armstrong, 21st Century Mahan: Sound Military Conclusions for the Modern Era (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2013). As the Peoples Liberation Army Navyto name one obvious examplebuilds an increasingly capable force, the tension between Chinas identity as a continental and maritime power is an issue of global importance. Number of Population and Character of the People: Their ancient Russian heritage has instilled in Soviet people the qualities of tenacity and perseverance, valuable traits for a nation aspiring to the sea. None of Mahans lessons have been lost on the imperial-minded Soviet Government of today. for a vigorous foreign policy were signs that Americans were increasingly In the 1890s, Mahans ideas resonated with leading politicians, including politicians concerned by the political and economic challenges of the period and Letters and Papers of Alfred Thayer Mahan, Vol I-III, ed. These geographical features, while foundational to Mahans theory, are not destiny. Hsu, The Great Policy Debate in China, 1874: Maritime Defense Vs. Frontier Defense, Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 1964-1965, Vol 25, pp. Status of the, Quarterly which culminated in the onset of an economic depression between 1893 and 1894. [8] All of these factors, however, are mere functions of the controlling equation the character of the government. Identify the operational components of the U.S. Navy sea power. Was it, Ma-HAN, the naval historian Sir John Knox Laughton wondered, like the bleating of an anxious ewe? Combining these facts with the knowledge that the Soviet Union has a tremendously large and influential army, we see that the determined Soviet drive at sea rests upon fairly unstable political foundations, straying from the precedents of Russian history and challenging previous policy. Harrison Administration (1889-1893) Secretary of the Navy Benjamin Franklin Tracy read it approvingly, seeing the book as evidence in favor of naval investment. We Need a Bigger Commercial Fleet, Brookings, 4 November 2021. Territory. He identified several narrow passages or strategic chokepoints, the control of which contributed to Great Britains command of the seas. Mahan begins with a discussion of the elements he considers to be the key to a nation's . Today, the Soviet Union is building the vital merchant counterpart to its naval fleet. #ga-ad {display: none;}
After the outbreak of hostilities with Spain in May 1898, President William McKinley finally secured the annexation of Hawaii by means of joint resolution of Congress. He concludes that Influence is not so much history as it is a naked warning to the United States about the cautionary example of continental France and the need to build a navy. Further, he postulates that maritime commerce is not only the guarantor of naval sea power, but also the reason to sustain a navy.3. [91] Immanuel C.Y. John Keegan, The Price of Admiralty: The Evolution of Naval Warfare (New York: Viking, 1988). Mahan believed that the U.S. economy would soon be unable to absorb the massive amounts of industrial and commercial goods being produced domestically, and he argued that the United States should seek new markets abroad. SEA BATTLES: BYNG OFF MINORCA; HAWKE AND CONFLANS; POCOCK AND D'ACH IN EAST INDIES pp 281-329 Get access Export citation CHAPTER IX - COURSE OF EVENTS FROM THE PEACE OF PARIS TO 1778. Money, Tokyo [79] Hughes argued that as technology changes it alters not only tactics, but also the naval-strategic principles Mahan took as constants. December 1, 2014, was the 100th anniversary of the death of Alfred Thayer Mahan, the renowned naval historian, strategist, and geopolitical theorist. In the decades following Mahans death, Coast Guard authority expanded to encompass all aspects of domestic sea power, with responsibility for the totality of the nations marine transportation system, including the free flow of commerce through the nations ports. 54. Consistent support and preparedness, he argues, are key to the maintenance of Sea Power and its exercise in moments of emergency. Corbett is far more interested in naval tactics, operations, and their various applications to limited war. The Prophet of Sea Power. Mahan's lecture notes become the basis for his book, The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, published in 1890. The basic principles of Mahan's maritime strategy were instrumental in evolution of the United States Navy and shaped its operations across two World Wars, the Cold War, and violent peace of the 20th and 21st centuries. Francis P. Sempa is the author of Geopolitics: From the Cold War to the 21st Century (Transaction Books) and Americas Global Role: Essays and Reviews on National Security, Geopolitics, and War (University Press of America). [84] Kevin D. McCranie,Mahan, Corbett, and the Foundations of Naval Strategic Thought(Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2021). [46] Mahan, From Sail to Steam, 276. [83] To put it bluntly, Mahan saw naval war as a game of checkers, matching equal pieces (in this case battleships) in one attritional battle for sea control. Nicholas J. Spykman, Geography and Foreign Policy, I-II, The American Political Science Review, 1938. The Influence of History on Mahan: The Proceedings of a Conference Marking the Centenary of Alfred Thayer Mahans The Influence of Sea Power Upon History, 1660-1783, ed. [38] Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of British Naval Mastery (New York: Penguin, 2017), originally, (New York: Scribner, 1976). Empire, 17931812. A great navy is one designed to fight an enemy in fleet engagements in order to win command of the sea, not one designed for commerce raiding or guerre de course. The publication of Mahans books preceded much of the disorder associated with Summary of Theory Alfred Mahan, the originator of the North - Studocu Development theory summary of theory alfred mahan, the originator of the north american school of geopolitics and an american naval officer and historian, DismissTry Ask an Expert Ask an Expert Sign inRegister Sign inRegister Home [89] See examples like the Harvard Kennedy School Belfer Center, Applied History Project and University of Texas Clements Center for National Security. 3 (Summer 2001): 100101. Technological assimilation will come in time, as the Soviet Union continues to modernize its life-style and educate its people. In a virtuous cycle, physical access to the sea, commercial trade, and colonial possessions created national wealth. Diss., Texas A&M University, 2001. The significance of the role of institutions is shown by Heather McLaughlin in her definition: "Maritime governance derives from an institutional framework with jurisdictions at international, national, regional and local level."80 At the same time Roe criticized existing institutions for their rigidity and inertia. domestically, and he argued that the United States should seek new markets While there, Mahan took to Theodor Mommsens account of the Hannibalic episode in The History of Rome. It's free to sign up and bid on jobs. This causes Soviet ships to put in less sea-days (time under way) than their American counterparts. Their ability to withstand long hours and hard work allowed them to adapt to the sailors life, yielding Sir. Published in 1890 and 1892,. He identified several narrow passages or strategic "chokepoints," the control of which contributed to Great Britain's command of the seas. Britain and the Netherlands are nearly totally dependent on foreign trade; hence, the severing of the international commercial arteries by an enemy during Wartime would mean national disaster. For all of its success, criticsand there have been manyhave found ample fault with Mahans method and conclusions. [80] Hughes also tracked tactics that endured across waves of technological innovation from ships-of-the-line to battleships to the missile age. [50] South America proves the point. Chennai Centre for China Studies. Asia, Southeast That stress is the reason Influence is so often paired with later work by geopolitical thinkers such as Halford Mackinder and Nicholas Spykman. Mahan was not alone in urging this. 4 (April 2021). Following the Civil War, Secretary of State William Seward had attempted to expand the U.S. commercial presence in Asia by purchasing Alaska in 1867, and increasing American influence over Hawaii by concluding a reciprocity treaty that would bind the islands economy to that of the United States. Jutland (1916)what should have been a new Trafalgarfailed to produce a decisive impact on the war. 3 (1953): 491-512. 4. [74] Major continental powers can build naval force (or sea power, two words) but are unlikely to become seapowers because they lack an identity anchored in maritime traditions. [88] Likewise, though World War II was not settled in a single fleet encounter, decisive naval engagements were key to winning whole theaters of the war. Rodger, Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain, 1659-1815 (New York: Norton, 2005). ENGLAND'S OVERWHELMING POWER AND CONQUESTS ON THE SEAS, IN NORTH AMERICA, EUROPE, AND EAST AND WEST INDIES. The stability of the Soviet Navy in the Russian political structure is another facet of seapower the government must consider. Answer: It cannot win wars, e.g., the C.S.S. Though originally published in 1890, this essay has cited the 1898 version throughoutthe edition most readily available via Google. In 1883, he authored his first book, The Gulf and Inland Waters, a study of naval engagements in the Civil War. affected sea power. [22] Mahan, Influence, 71. [45] A.T. Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power Upon the French Revolution and Empire, 1793-1812 (Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1892). Mahans most effective inquisitor in this regard has been American naval officer and educator Wayne P. Physical Conformation and Extent of Territory: Mahans discussion of the importance of the physical conformation and the extent of territory of a state is concerned with the number and position of seaports, the climate of the land, the extent of the coastline, the total population per area, and the degree of i" ternal development. Alfred Thayer Mahan, Sea Power in Its Relations to the War of 1812, vol. China employs military actions to achieve political outcomes in territorial disputes. Us, Write [68] In fact, the network of overseas ports and depots Mahan advocated is mostly akin to the sort of hidden empire detected by Daniel Immerwahr in How to Hide an Empire (2019).[69]. Like Germany before the First World War, China in the 21st century has embraced Mahan. 9. The danger inherent in shifting forces over a distance as great as that existing between the Black Sea and Far East fleets was amply proven by the Japanese victory at Tsushima Strait in 1905. [63] Rather than controlling the sea or retreating behind it, Spykman argued for consistent engagement with the rimlands of Western Europe, the Middle East, and the Asian Monsoon lands as a means of balancing power and controlling potential hegemons. As he noted in his 1902 Presidential Address to the AHA, the artistic unity of a historical project often necessitated the subordination of contradictory evidence around a central theme, lest a more subtle argument mislead lay readers. Festivities for the canal were delayed in deference to the crisis in Europe. Mahan on Naval Warfare: Selections from the Writings of Rear Admiral Alfred Thayer Mahan, ed. Index, A Short History B.J. 4 (1904): 421-437; Nicholas Spykmans Geography and Foreign Policy, I-II, The American Political Science Review, Vol XXXII, Issue I, Vol XXXII, Issue II, (1938). Today, U.S. strategists concerned with the vulnerability of sea lines of communication, a retreat from global commitments, or the hollowing out of the domestic industrial base, could find common cause with Mahans logic. [6] Oscar Wilde, The Canterville Ghost, The Court and Society Review (1887). Ensign Pandoife is a 1980 graduate of the Naval A _r^*Tl_ Academy> where he majored in history. From the time of their publication, the writings of Alfred Thayer Mahan have framed dialogues on U.S. sea power, sea control, and maritime strategy. Real Mahanian Sea Power (capital S; capital P), is not exclusively or even primarily a function of military force. Most importantly, Anglo-U.S. Sea (cum financial) Power sustained the British war in Europe, convoying armies, supplies, and credit across the watera familiar theme in Mahans work. In 1885 (five years before Influence) the Chilean Revista de Marina caught the spirit, crowing: The trident of Neptune is the scepter of the world and the history in the support of this truth shows to us that the peoples who have taken hold of the empire of the sea surpass all the others in their riches, power and civilization.[52]Mahans failure to grapple seriously with this contemporaneous example of Sea Power in practice reflected either his racially motivated condescension toward Latin America or else his shocking lack of investigative talent. create a network of American naval bases. [11] Hugues Canuel, From a Prestige Fleet to the Jeune Ecole, (2018) Naval War College Review: Vol. What concerned Mahan most was ensuring that the U.S. Government could guarantee access to these new international markets. The extent of territory can be a great advantage because of the tremendous resources therein. True, the book is both of those things, but Mahans account of Atlantic imperial rivalries is also more valuably an estimate of the effect of sea power upon the course of history and the prosperity of nations.[2] That form of comparative and nomological history makes Influence a strategic classic of enduring relevance. Department of State, U.S. Finally, he attempted to ratify a treaty with the Colombian Government that would allow the United States to build an isthmian canal through the province of Panama. Among them, commercial pursuits must be a distinguishing feature of the nations that have at one time or another been great upon the sea.[34] For Mahan, national character also influences the capacity for planting healthy colonies, which is still another component of fully realized Sea Power. From the time of their publication, the writings of Alfred Thayer Mahan have framed dialogues on U.S. sea power, sea control, and maritime strategy. His understanding of the anarchical nature of international politics, the importance of geography to the global balance of power, the role of sea power in national security policy, and historys ability to shed light on contemporary world politics remains relevant to the 21st century world. [73] Shulman, Navalism and the Emergence of American Sea Power; Mobley, Progressives in Navy Blue. The shift from Mahan to Corbett is reflective of a major shift in Chinese grand strategy - one that has implications for the U.S. and the Indo-Pacific at large. Four years after arriving in Newport, he published Influence, ensuring his lasting contribution to history and navies alike. [80] Peter A. Shulman, Coal & Empire: The Birth of Energy Security in Industrial America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2015); David Allan Snyder, Petroleum and Power: Naval Fuel Technology and the Anglo-American Struggle for Core Hegemony, 1889-1922, Ph.D. See also: 28, 510. It describes his life and his "America," which was socially and politically at war with itself. It is worth repeating, in closing, that Sea Power is not naval power or the capacity to wage war. There was an emerging power with . Nonetheless, Mahan as a historian could actually be quite sensitive, particularly in his use of analogy and comparison. [70] Mahan mentions production, Kennedy acknowledges, but he is more interested in seaborne commerce as the driving source of wealth; a significant distinction even if the concepts of trade and production routinely overlap in practice. The Inuence of Sea Power upon the French Revolution and Empire 1793-1812, Vol II (of 2) - Alfred Thayer Mahan 2020-08-15 naval power lagged far behind that of its European peers, not to mention a handful of Latin America nations. In this sense Kennedy largely reflected Mackinders argument: Railways and the consolidation of nation states like Germany, Russia, and the United States in the late-19th century once again made land-powers the dominant actors in the international system. With trade routes established, overt military power follows almost as an afterthought. These are not fatal deficiencies. While Mahan could work under the assumption of robust U.S. commercial shipping, modern strategists do not have the same luxury. 30 seconds. This study will then examine each of the following elements of national power in light of Mahan's six principal conditions: - Sea Power (The combination of military strength afloat and peaceful commerce through shipping) in the 21st century. State. Surprisingly, Mahan omits the role of the U.S. Revenue Cutter Service in preserving the commercial and financial elements of sea power.4 Perhaps he neglected the service because he felt it fell under the umbrella of the greater naval service or that its inclusion diverted attention from his larger focus on the U.S. imperative for blue water naval projection. Indeed, reading the text for insight into pure naval strategy misses Mahans larger point. who believed in sea power endorsed Mahan's doctrine. decline in the naval strength of its major European rivals, paved the way for In a narrow sense, Influence is a specific argumenta polemicaimed at fin de sicle navalists about the necessity of expanding the United States Navy (USN). Following the successful conclusion of the Spanish-American War in 1898, the United States gained control of territories that could serve as the coaling stations and naval bases that Mahan had discussed, such as Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. [14] German[ edit] Allied command of the South and Central Pacific after Coral Sea and Midway (respectively), as well as the attritional Battle of the Atlantic, were critical to victory. Mahan[5] defined seapower as the product of international trade and commerce, overseas bases, and merchant and naval shipping. The essence of Mahan from a naval viewpoint is that a great navy is a mark and prerequisite of national greatness. [71] Paul Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000 (New York: Random House, 1987). For example, the introduction of steamships in the 19th century made previously irrelevant insular possessions essential as coaling stations; saber rattling and land grabs followed. Mahan said strategic principles "remain as though laid on a rock." I owed it to no other man.[46] Mahan was deeply religious, and so perhaps it should come as no surprise that his conversion to Sea Power has a Road-to-Damascus feel to it. [66] Charles Beard, The Navy: Defense or Portent? The Influence of Sea Power Upon History 1660 1783 eBook : Mahan , A. T.: Amazon.ca: Kindle Store. perpetual lease for a naval base at Guantanamo Bay, [53] A.T. Mahan, LPATM, Vol I, 563-564. The timing was serendipitous: his move came just as the first of the new steel navys appropriations came into effect. [30] Drawing from his experience in the Civil War, Mahan noted that the sparsely populated inlets and harbors of the Confederacy were not a source of strength, but rather highways for riverine penetration by Union gunboats. [82] Julian Corbett, Some Principles of Maritime Strategy, (London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1918). [47] Suzanne Geissler, God and Sea Power: The Influence of Religion on Alfred Thayer Mahan (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 2015). While India would like the current phase of stability at the LoC to continue, it has little incentive to try to make a grand gesture toward peace with Pakistan. The irony was chiefly with respect to the gap between growing U.S. economic power and the comparative weakness of the USN. Naval forces, as the American naval strategist Wayne P. Hughes later agreed, are fundamentally in the links business, assuring: 1) our own goods and services are safe and 2) that an enemys are not.[9] Mahan believed (and used history to demonstrate) that navies are best able to provide this protection through a decisive, concentrated engagement with an adversary fleet. Chapter 1 analyzes the ideas of the naval strategist Alfred Thayer Mahan. Even this seemingly intuitive distinction between evergreen strategies and shifting tactics, however, has been questioned. 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