He was proud of the self-built community, saying "Hooverville is the abode of the forgotten man." Including the veterans, their families, and other supporters, the crowd of protesters eventually grew to nearly 45,000 people. Request for removal of Interbay shacks (April 24, 1937) "Hoovervilles," shanty towns of unemployed men, sprung up all over the nation, named after President Hoover's insufficient relief during the crisis. It was a highly diverse population. The anger directed at Herbert Hoover didn't stop with the label given to the makeshift settlements. Hoover also received criticism for signing, in June 1930, the controversial Hawley-Smoot Tariff Act, which imposed a high tariff on foreign goods in an effort to prevent them from competing with U.S.-made products on the domestic market. What were Hoovervilles during the Great Depression? In 1932, Hooverville was established in Anacostia, District of Columbia, to house a group of WWI veterans seeking expedited benefits, dubbed the Bonus Army. They were named after Herbert Hoover, who was President of the United States during the onset of the Depression and was widely blamed for it. "; Unsanitary conditions in the camps left both their residents and the nearby communities at risk of disease. This began with a heated debate over the status and rights of Hooverville residents, which became more visible in petitions submitted throughout the late 1930s. During the Great Depression, Hoovervilles provided shelter to many of the homeless population of America. Americas longest lasting Hooverville in Seattle, Washington, stood for ten years, from 1931 to 1941. As America's housing and economic crisis worsened through 2009, homelessness was on the rise. Businesses made huge profits, but average workers wages did not rise at the same rate. About this quiz: All the questions on this quiz are based on information that can be found on the page at The Great Depression - Hoovervilles . Tacoma hosted a large encampment near the city garbage dump that residents called "Hollywood-on-the-Tideflats." A 'Hoover blanket' was a newspaper, covering a homeless man on a city bench; a 'Hoover flag' was a turned-out pants pocket, a sure sign of pennilessness. Some claim to have been made up of men, women, and children, while others claim to only have had men. Included are photographs, city documents, a 1934 sociological survey of residents, a short memoir written by the former "mayor" of Hooverville, and more. We are grateful to the Seattle Municipal Archives, King County Archives, and the University of Washington Library Special Collections for permission to incorporate materials in their collections. Come learn about Hoovervilles, how they got their name, and. Odd pieces of wood, stones, loose boards, crates, cardboard, scraps of other materials, old bricks and parts of boxes. Some of the men who were forced to live in these conditions possessed construction skills, and were able to build their houses out of stone. By the time the U.S. entered World War II in 1941, enough Americans were working again that virtually all the encampments had vanished. The Great Depression (1929-1940): Tutoring Solution, Franklin D. 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In late 1935, the city Health Department estimated that 4,000 to 5,000 people were living in the various shacktowns. To find out more, see our cookie policy. However, prosperity was soon replaced by poverty and optimism by desperation following the stock market crash of October 1929 and the general failure of the nations banking system. Most were white with the majority of them foreign-born, especially Scandinavians. Some have estimated that 500 Hoovervilles sprang up in 1929 and increased in number to over 6000 in the 1930s. As elsewhere in the country, Washington State's Communist Party helped to organize the unemployed into active political and social formations. Unemployed masons used cast-off stone and bricks and in some cases built structures that stood 20 feet high. Absolutely anything that would provide shelter. Some of the homeless found shelter inside empty conduits and water mains. The suffering in the Great Depression, from 1929 to 1941, is hard for modern Americans to wrap their minds around. Excerpt from Health Department Annual Report (1935) Nonwhites comprised 29% of the colony's population, including 120 Filipinos, 29 African Americas, 25 Mexicans, 4 Native Americans, 4 South Americans, and 2 Japanese. Herbert Hoover was a rising star of American politics when he won the presidential election of 1928. Built with all over the world Copyright 19992023This site uses cookies to improve your experience. Hoover Pullmans were rusted railroad boxcars used as dwellings. They posed health risks to their inhabitants as well as to those living nearby, but there was little that local governments or health agencies could do. This issue will be discussed more below. For one thing, Hoover was a believer in the power of the free market and in the value of perseverance. This was at a time when most workers didn't have access to unemployment benefits, health care, or Social Security--in fact, none of the programs that could provide that kind of help even existed. While private and corporate philanthropy provided some assistance during the early 1930s, poverty continued to increase rapidly. This sample is exclusively for KidsKonnect members!To download this worksheet, click the button below to signup for free (it only takes a minute) and you'll be brought right back to this page to start the download! OKIESOkies is a term applied generally to people from the American Southwest who migrated to the Pacific Coast, particularly to California, during the Great Depression. By 1932, Hoover was so unpopular that he had no realistic hope of being re-elected, and Governor Franklin D. Roosevelt of New York won that years presidential election in November by a landslide. "Hooverville" became a common term for shacktowns and homeless encampments during the Great Depression. The longest lasting Hooverville, located in Seattle, Washington, stood as a semi-autonomous community from 1931 to 1941. In 1932, a new mayor was elected based on his support for the Unemployed Citizens League. No one knows, but there were literally millions of homeless people during the Great Depression so it seems reasonable to estimate the number as several thousands. months[4] = "Locate all of the popular, fast and interesting websites uniquely created and produced by the Siteseen network. This lack of organization has made it difficult to identify the populations within Hoovervilles. Even when Hoovervilles were raided by order of parks departments or other authorities, the men who carried out the raids often expressed regret and guilt for their actions. Billions of dollars were lost, wiping out thousands of investors. Most were unemployed laborers and timber workers, few of whom had held any jobs in the previous two years. More often than not, Hoovervilles were tolerated. In his estimation, prosperity would return if people would simply help one another. Though Hoover later agreed that MacArthur had used excessive force, irreparable damage to his presidency and legacy had been done. (2021, December 6). They were named after Herbert Hoover, who was President of the United States during the onset of the Depression and was widely blamed for it. Homeless people roamed the country looking for food and work. Riverside Park, New York City: A shantytown occupied Riverside Park at 72nd Street during the depression. Trade your paper with a Partner. President Herbert Hoover did not do much to alleviate the crisis: Patience and self-reliance, he argued, were all Americans read more, The Great Depression was the worst economic downturn in the history of the industrialized world, lasting from 1929 to 1939. Its unofficial mayor was Jesse Jackson, who led the city in tolerating the homeless and imposed lax building and sanitation regulations. "[1], The city imposed modest building and sanitation rules, required that women and children not live in the Hooverville, and expected the residents to keep order. Photo by Smith Collection/Gado/Getty Images. The committee included two Whites, two Blacks, and two Filipinos. When most of the veterans refused to leave their shacks, Hoover sent in U.S. Army Chief of Staff Douglas MacArthur to evict the Bonus Army. In 1934, Roy recorded a population of non-White people, including Black men, Costa Rican, Chilean, Filipino, Japanese, Mexican, and. He offers fascinating observations about social mores and culture of the community, including the easy racial relations and tolerance of homosexuality. Economic disparity in the United States during the 1930s was not limited to American born individuals. The Great Depression was the most severe and enduring economic collapse of the 20th century, and included abrupt declines in the supply and demand of goods and services along with a meteoric rise in unemployment. Exhibit C: Physical Conditions and Occupancy of Shacks (March 5, 1941) Seattle's Hooverville had lasted a full decade.[4]. I highly recommend you use this site! Although a common factor among Hooverville residents was unemployment, inhabitants took any work that became available, often laboring at such backbreaking, sporadic jobs as fruit picking or packing. Roosevelt promised to improve the country with a "new deal for the American people." On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The people who lived in a Hooverville or Shanty Town were men, women and children, black and white, from all walks of life, who had been evicted from their homes and made homeless due to unemployment in the Great Depression. The new mayor allowed the towns Hooverville to thrive and grow, even granting it some official tolerance. Shanty towns also appeared in or near other cities. ThoughtCo, Dec. 6, 2021, thoughtco.com/hoovervilles-homeless-camps-of-the-great-depression-4845996. A "Hoover wagon" was an automobile with horses hitched to it, often with the engine removed. WW1 veterans formed what was called the Bonus Army and 40,000 people descended on Washington D.C. and set up makeshift camps on areas such as the Anacostia Flats. The term itself was first used in 1930 by Charles Michelson, the Publicity Chief of the Democratic National Committee when he published an article in the New York Times referring to a homeless camp in Chicago, Illinois, as Hooverville. Before long, the term was in common use. Inhabitants living in the primitive conditions of the shantytowns were subject to many health problems. Black and white men would share homes out of convenience and, likewise, exemplify camaraderie and friendship. As the Great Depression worsened, so too did people's moods. While the goal of the tariffs was to protect U.S.-made products from foreign competition, most countries retaliated by raising their tariffs on U.S. goods. The government refused to pay, citing Depression-era budgetary restrictions. The Seattle City Council decided to close Hooverville in May 1941, despite the increased reliance on it for shelter. "; Whenever possible, Hoovervilles were built near creeks, streams, and rivers to provide a source of water. In addition to his perceived disregard for the harm done by the Great Depression, Hoover was criticized for backing the controversial Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act. Roy documents a unique spirit of tolerance and amiability between ethnic groups. They are crowded, dirty, miserable, and they are places where the homeless gather to build temporary homes. Some Hoovervilles had basic public services and conveniences. After negotiating with the camps mayor, the Health Department agreed to let the residents remain as long they observed minimal safety and sanitary rules. Unit densities soared in the early 1930s. Hoover later claimed that MacArthur had used excessive force, but his words meant little to most of those affected. In 1938, Jackson wrote a short, vivid description of the community that we reproduce here. The Depression was blamed on President Herbert Hoover, after whom the town was named after, as coined by Charles Michelson. READ MORE:Life for the Average Family During the Great Depression, In addition to the term Hooverville, President Hoovers name was used derisively in other ways during the Great Depression. Many squeezed in with relatives. [3], The city tolerated Hoovervilles until the eve of World War II. months[2] = "Learning made easy with the various learning techniques and proven teaching methods used by the Siteseen network. var months = new Array(12); Life in these Hoovervilles was difficult and caused many people to migrate throughout the United States in search of better opportunities elsewhere. This was Port of Seattle property that had been occupied by Skinner and Eddy shipyard during World War I. months[6] = "Uncover a wealth of facts and information on a variety of subjects produced by the Siteseen network. After 1940, all of Hooverville were destroyed as the economy recovered and the unemployment rate fell eventually. President Herbert Hoover & the Great Depression, America During the Great Depression: The Dust Bowl, Unemployment & Cultural Issues, End of WWI, the Treaty of Versailles & the League of Nations, Ku Klux Klan Nativism & Eugenics | Movement & History. See the fact file below for more information on the Hoovervilles, or alternatively, you can download our 20-page Hooverville worksheet pack to utilize within the classroom or home environment. Bud, Not Buddy by Christopher Paul Curtis: Chapters 1-5 | Summary & Analysis, Themes in Bud, Not Buddy by Christopher Paul Curtis | Examples & Analysis, Bud, Not Buddy by Christopher Paul Curtis | Summary & Characters of Bud, Not Buddy, Bud's Rules in Bud, Not Buddy by Christopher Paul Curtis | Significance & Analysis, Vietnamization Policy & Significance | Nixon's Plan to Withdraw American Forces. The city of Seattle tolerated the unemployed living situation and imposed loose building and sanitation rules. Renters fell behind and faced eviction. until the land was needed for shipping facilities on the eve of World War II. Most shanties, however, were distinctly less ambitious: Cardboard-box homes did not last long, and most dwellings were in a constant state of being rebuilt. Donald Francis Roy, a resident of Seattles Hooverville, recorded 639 residents, only 7 of whom were women. It became the most widespread crisis of the twentieth century, affecting several countries worldwide. Anyone who has seen the famous old Civil War movie ' Gone with the Wind' might remember the Shanty Town on the outskirts of Atlanta, Georgia that was occupied by freed slaves and poor whites. Public reaction to the Hoovervilles added to President Hoovers general unpopularity, leading to his landslide defeat by Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1932 presidential election. KidsKonnect is a growing library of high-quality, printable worksheets for teachers and homeschoolers. [2], Tacoma's "Hollywood-on-the-Tideflats" was burned by city officials in May 1942, but was soon reoccupied and rebuilt. Summary and Definition: The Shanty Towns, known as Hoovervilles, sprang up across the nation during the Great Depression (1929 - 1941). A Hooverville near Portland, Oregon. Those who did were chronically underpaid. Banks closed, and factories shut down; thousands and then millions of jobs were lost. An error occurred trying to load this video. Cardboard covering a worn-out shoe sole was 'Hoover leather,' and cars pulled by horses (since no one could afford gasoline) were 'Hoover wagons.'. As the Depression deepened, the sheer number of homeless people became overwhelming. In his journal, he states that of the 639 residents of the town, only 7 of them were women. Desperate for shelter, homeless citizens. @media (min-width: 340px) { .adslot_1 { width: 336px; height: 280px; } } Many people would can their food so that it would last longer. The Great Depression caused social upheaval and political unrest. In his famous novel the Joad family briefly settles into a Hooverville in California. Herbert Hoover was president during the start of the Great Depression. The smaller camps tended to come and go, while the larger Hoovervilles proved far more permanent. Report of Shack Elimination Committee (April 14, 1941) Create your account, 29 chapters | It maintained itself as a free-standing community until 1936, when it was razed. 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. Did you know? Interesting Facts About Hoovervilles During the Great Depression The Bonus Army of veterans built a large Hooverville in Washington D.C. that housed around 15,000 people. It comes from the New York Public Library. How many Hoovervilles or Shantytowns were there? This sort of fatalism was especially apparent in the language that developed around the iconic representation of the Great Depression --the Hooverville. [6], After 1940, the economy recovered, unemployment fell, and shanty housing eradication programs destroyed all the Hoovervilles. Many authorities frequently tolerated the shantytowns out of sheer necessity. "Hoovervilles: Homeless Camps of the Great Depression." There was no work, people were starving and the local police repeatedly burned down the camp. Because of the lack of government, it took a lot of work. 10 Facts About the Great Depression. A "Hooverville" dweller, Circleville, Ohio, c. 1938. It was named after Herbert Hoover, an American politician who was the president during the first years of the Great Depression. St. Louis, Missouri, and Seattle, Washington, were home to two of the countrys largest and longest-standing Hoovervilles. Sign Me Up. Many were established near rivers, as the above picture shows, or ponds - it helped to have access to some water. Desperate for shelter, homeless citizens built shantytowns in and around cities across the nation. This Hooverville thrived because it was funded by private donations. Usually built on vacant land, the camps were largely tolerated by city authorities. As the Depression worsened and millions of families lost their jobs and depleted their savings, they also lost their homes. Hooverville served as a home for different nationalities and ethnicities. He was the President, after all, and there were many things he could do--but he was in trouble from the start, for a couple of different reasons. At its peak, roughly 25%, maybe more, of the American work force was unemployed. For example, one of the eight Hoovervilles in Seattle, Washington, stood from 1931 to 1941. A large number of small houses were constructed from scrap materials. Seattle's developed into a self-sufficient and organized town-within-a-town. "; Throughout the country, Hoovervilles, or makeshift shanties, would spring up to provide shelter wherever possible, often near water sources or the soup kitchens operated by churches and charities. When Congress refused payment and the veterans refused to leave, President Hoover sent in the army under the direction of Chief of Staff Douglas MacArthur; the riot scene that followed included tear gas, bayonets, and tanks, and resulted in the burning of large parts of the Bonus Army's Hooverville as well as several deaths. Definition, Examples, Pros and Cons. People who rented their homes fell behind with the rent and were evicted by bailiffs. Definition and Summary of the Shantytowns and HoovervillesSummary and definition: The Shanty Towns, known as Hoovervilles, sprang up across the nation during the Great Depression (1929 - 1941). Multiple factors led to the Great Depression, including the U.S. stock market crash in October 1929 and the widespread failure of the American banking system, both of which helped destroy confidence in the nations economy. [1] There were hundreds of Hoovervilles across the country during the 1930s.[2]. Out of desperation, the homeless began building camps of makeshift shacks near cities across the nation. The primary cause was rapid economic growth, which was accompanied by excessive risk-taking at the aggregate level in the market. It was headed by the Commissioner of Health, the Superintendent of Buildings, the Chief of Police, and the Chief of the Fire Department, tasked to draft a plan on how to proceed with the elimination of Hooverville. All Rights Reserved. The shanty town was so big that people established their own community government and elected a 'mayor' as their leader to settle any disputes. WATCH VIDEO: Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal. Around 15,000 men joined the movement, many of whom came from far away and arrived in the area by illegally riding on railroad freight trains. Interesting Facts About the Great Depression The stock market lost almost 90% of its value between 1929 and 1933. Today the nine acre site is used to unload container ships. "; Two young residents at a Hooverville shantytown in Washington, D.C. Longley, Robert. "; Almost 6,000 shanty towns, called Hoovervilles, sprang up in the 1930s. Many Americans in need believed the resolution to their problems lay in government assistance, but Hoover resisted such a response throughout his presidency. Source for information on Okies: Encyclopedia of the Great Depression dictionary. Did New Deal Programs Help End the Great Depression? All the Hoovervilles were 'eradicated' at the end of the Great Depression in 1941. Men, women, and children living in Hooverville either relied on public charities or begged for food from those who had permanent housing during the era. "; Even before the Great Depression, there were homeless people, but most large cities were able to build municipal lodging houses for the homeless. And hundreds of thousands--no one knows how many--took to the streets, finding what shelter they could, under bridges, in culverts, or on vacant public land where they built crude shacks. Plus, get practice tests, quizzes, and personalized coaching to help you Small camps and sites in towns sprang up in any available space. Hoovervilles were racially integrated. Filipinos and Mexicans were the only ones who were separated, but this was due to language rather than racial discrimination. We pride ourselves on being a safe website for both teachers and students. "; As high winds and choking dust swept the region from Texas to Nebraska, people and livestock were killed and read more, The New Deal was a series of programs and projects instituted during the Great Depression by President Franklin D. Roosevelt that aimed to restore prosperity to Americans. Usually built on the edges of larger cities, hundreds of thousands of people lived in the many Hooverville camps. However, the countrys 31st president, Republican Herbert Hoover, who took office in March 1929, believed that self-reliance and self-help, not government intervention, were the best means to meet citizens needs. 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