Pam is a self-confessed cat lover and has experience of working with cats and owning cats for as long as she can remember. Some tomcats have attacked and killed their own offspring as a means of getting the busy mother cats to focus on them and then go back into estrus for mating purposes. Most queens become fertile by 7-9 months. This will help them avoid any confrontations with tomcats. If the kittens are older than six months and the tomcat is neutered, then there is generally no problem having them live together. That means a rapidly maturing female cat can deliver a litter herself by the time shes six-months-old. Your Kittens are safe from the above killing situations by father cat and kittens once they gain weight up to 2 pounds at least that usually happens when a kitten completes 8 to 12 weeks after the birth.Do Tomcats eat kittens? A Comprehensive Guide, Is it OK to put frontline on a dog after a bath? document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); 2023 FAQS Clear - All Rights Reserved Neutering is the best option, but there are other things you can do to prevent spraying as well. This will allow your Persian to live a longer and . How do you keep tom cats away from kittens? If a tomcat gets the scent of a rival tomcat he may decide the kittens belong to the visiting tomcat. While there isnt much reason for such behavior today, killing kittens is in males instincts. Neutered male cats are rarely violent toward kittens as a result of this. 2021 All Facts and Guides to Cats and Kittens - 21Cats.org. Amazon and the Amazon logo are trademarks of Amazon.com, Inc. or its affiliates. This will help reduce their chances of getting into fights with tomcats over territory or mates. Use it every several days to keep its aroma more potent, which will keep tomcats away. How Many Puppies can a Bull Terrier Have? Take a look at our reviews of Cat Calming Sprays and Dewormers For Cats for more options. Kittens are usually safe to go outside and be safe from 6 months old. Taking these precautions will keep both kittens and pets safe and sound in their environment. Tomcats are usually not present to protect their offspring, though a colony male tom may drive away any intruders that may try to come in their territory mostly to protect their space rather than to secure the young ones. Most female cats reach full sexual maturity at around 5 to 6 months, although it varies greatly. Youll get a sense of which dog breeds are naturally energetic and which are more laid back. Kittens up to the age of four weeks are susceptible to these violent episodes because they're underdeveloped, immobile and defenceless, and no match for their far more forceful elders. In the Western Hemisphere, the feline breeding season slowly arrives as the weather becomes warmer and the days get longer, with the mating season running from March to December. However, it is also typical for some male cats to ignore kittens completely. So, they will kill other tom cats' kittens in order to keep them away. However, there are a few things you need to know in order to make this arrangement work. For tame cats, it is recommended to wait until the . Lets Explore, Do dogs have a higher IQ than humans? Kittens are not safe from tomcats until they are around six months old. This, however, might lead to a lot of misconceptions. The majority of domesticated male cats appearto be friendly. Cats can have kittens as early as six-months-old if they hit sexual maturity by four months, most common in feral cats and certain breeds (like Siamese). It is uncommon to have a resident male cat as the leader. They want to protect their territory from other tom cats. The majority of domesticated male cats appearto be friendly. At what age are kittens safe from male cats? While tomcats can be any breed, shape, and color, they do all share similar physical characteristics, like a large, muscular build and a broad neck. In asserting their dominance, they may end up breaking the neck of the kitten. In the past, cats were normally neutered at 6 8 months old. The best you can do is to track how often kittens are eating, how much weight they're gaining, and how often they pee and poop every day. So, it is clear that mother cats are incredibly protective of their young and will go above and beyond to keep them safe from potential danger. The first changes or signs a cat is pregnant include an increased size of abdomen and breasts. They, unlike their moms, lack paternal impulse. However, breed and living conditions ultimately determine when a female cat becomes fertile. Therefore, it is important to provide your kitten with a safe place to hide if they feel scared or threatened. That will help give you a sense of what your puppy will be like when they finally do calm down. At What Age Are Kittens Safe From Tomcats? Nice. Kittens should never be left alone with a tomcat, as they may not have the skills to defend themselves against an aggressive cat. They are also starting to test their boundaries. Some cats can even fall pregnant up to 17 years. Tom cats are known for killing kittens. Not only cats but other sociable animals are involved in this scenario. Normally the Tom will put the kitten in their mouth and shake them violently and not leave a mark. Click to attach a photo related to your comment. Intact males typically leave the homes where they were raised between 1 and 3 years of age. As a result, the queens protective instinct is understandable. Tomcats generally take over the territory of noncompetitive or deceased cats. At what age can cats start having kittens? They use their scent to distinguish who is who, allowing them to recognize who is in their territory. Boy cats spray their urine in order to notify nearby females they are indeed ready to mate. If you want to ensure your pet's safety, keep them indoors. That is highly unlikely. Cats who've been poorly socialized are more prone to this type of fear-based aggression. A tomcat may attack if it feels threatened or if it is trying to protect its territory. Bleach does not make a good cat repellent. How many Puppies can a Yorkshire Terrier Have? It is their obligation to keep their litter safe from animals, particularly male cats. AskMyCats.com does not intend to provide veterinary advice. When a tomcat takes over a new territory originally owned by another tomcat either dead or non-competitive, the new tomcat may be driven to kill the kittens that are in the new territory. However, it isn't because male cats are cruel, evil creatures. Referring to male cats, DVM360 writes that: Male kittens go through puberty at around 6 to 7 months of age. Lemon thyme, pyrethrum, marigolds, lavender, and other herb plants are among them. Tom cats are responsible for the paternity of their offspring and can have multiple kittens with different mothers. Required fields are marked *. The main factor which influences cat heat is sunlight. A tomcat is usually larger and stronger than a male cat, so it can easily overpower them in a fight. Simba, Snowball and Oreo: My 3 musKITTYeers! Physical shape. Also, if you notice that the kitten is significantly more vocal, it is because he is calling out to queens in the area. This type of behavior, however, is unusual, especially among domesticated animals. Cats are territorial, and your cat may resent an adult feline intruder. . But when are kittens safe from tomcats? If the cats mated initially several weeks ago, your new female was likely not pregnant from that first interaction. Cats can only begin to have kittens once theyve experienced their first heat. Such cats are capable of being good mothers and. Spraying is one of the most annoying things your male cat can do, though females can spray too. Keep in mind that each cat is unique. A male cat is also likely to be violent against one of the familys cats. As long as kittens don't grow up fully to defend themselves the wicked tom cats will go on attacking to the extent of killing them.Once they can kill the kitten they have nothing to do with it.I have 3 tom cats and 2 female.Only 1 wicked tom cat recently killed a rescued kitten of 7-8 weeks brutally. Male cats will only kill and devour their kittens if they are severely malnourished. From the time your male kitten is five or six months old, the spraying may begin. When You Breathe In Your Diaphragm Does What? Fading kitten syndrome affects kittens in the first four to six weeks of lifethe time between birth and being weaned from their mother. Rushed Weaning: Kittens shouldn't be weaned suddenly. Luckily, kittens are generally safe from tomcats at 6 months of age. As a result, theres a chance theyll hurt kittens. Some breeds with notably high energy levels, even in adulthood, include: To help you know what to expect, experts share key happenings and care information about puppy development by week, from day one to 48 weeks. But, even at this age, a male cat can still be a threat if it has bad intentions. A cats sense of smell does not diminish with age. Tomcats are larger and more aggressive than kittens, so its important to make sure your kitten is big enough and strong enough to defend themselves before allowing them to interact with tomcats. Heres What to Do Next, Why cant I get rid of my dogs fleas? Their hunting instincts kick in and they may attempt to kill the kittens. Your Kittens are safe from the above killing situations by father cat and kittens once they gain weight up to 2 pounds at least that usually happens when a kitten completes 8 to 12 weeks after the birth . Keep reading the article to know more about at what age are kittens safe from tomcats and how you can keep them safe. A female is called a queen (or a molly, [user-generated source?] Yes, kittens are protected by cats. Read Also, Best Automatic Cat Feeder (Top 10) 10 Best Automatic Cat Water Fountain Reviews Cat not Eating or Drinking for 3 days Here are the 7 Reasons Cats of any age can enjoy catnip. A cat gestation period can go unnoticed until it is very advanced, since, during the first weeks, there are no major visible modifications or signs of a pregnant cat. It may not affect a kitten younger than six months old, though. This situation can emerge, especially if male cat rivalry in the area is fierce. Your Kittens are safe from the above situations once they gain weight up to 2 pounds or when a kitten is 8 to 12 weeks after the birth. Low rated: 3. In terms of survival, a males cat instinct is to murder his rivals litter. A queen can birth five litters a year and continue reproducing throughout her lifespan unless spayed. Advantages of Early Neutering or Spaying in Kittens To manufacture spray repellents, use some common household materials. The clip below describes six key pregnancy signs all queen owners should know: A female queen that explores outdoors or lives with unneutered male cats can become pregnant as early as four-months-old and during her first-ever estrous cycle. Train your kitty before they start spraying female since they are frequently in competition with other male cats, male cats have a proclivity for killing their own kittens, queen cat would most likely be protective of her babies, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0093691X12002087, https://www.petplace.com/article/cats/pet-behavior-training/how-mother-cats-take-care-of-kittens/, Do Black Cats Shed? It is important to intervene immediately if a tomcat does attack a kitten to ensure their safety. Its possible that youll want to spray it on your doors and windows. Male cats, on the other hand, have been known to completely ignore kittens. Anything odd is perceived by the cat as potentially dangerous and a threat to the kittens. For males it's called castration, and for females it's called spaying. Male cats are territorial animals, therefore when their territory is violated by an intruder, they are likely to feel intimidated. Heres What to Expect, What is the best dog for working cattle? This information is not a substitute for a vets opinion. They would love to play with their kittens, but they make very little effort to care for them. They will probably still be playful, but now theyve learned the ropes and are much better at following the rules. However, an expectant queen wont give birth until she carries her litter to term, with the average cat gestation period lasting around 58 to 67 days. Other short-term solutions include scattering orange and lemon peels or spraying with citrus-scented fragrances, spreading coffee grounds, pipe tobacco, oil of lavender, citronella or eucalyptus. Let's examine the six main reasons for aggressive behaviour occurrence towards humans including successful management and prevention techniques: 1. It isnt good for them and is likely to hurt them. For more, read about the 4 most common cat birth difficulties. This website is where she gets to share her knowledge and interact with other cat lovers. What My Dog Should Eat After Giving Birth. Male cats do not have a set heat period, instead, once they reach sexual maturity, they are able to fertilize any female cat which they can detect is in heat. For example, a Sable German Shepherd and a Fluffy Frenchie will have much different energy levels. A juvenile . Continuous pregnancy in cats can lead to certain health problems, as well as reduce a cats life expectancy. A cat's heat cycles will continue for the rest of her life, enabling her to have kittens whether she's four months old during her first heat cycle or 17 years old and well into her senior years. In these instances, male cats are frequently neutered to make them less aggressive to kittens. Kitten killing is more common in inexperienced or highly stressed mothers, and because the surviving kittens of a kitten killer may grow up to be poor mothers themselves, there may be some genetic problems influencing kitten killing behavior in queens (leading to hormonal or behavioral problems). To know more about tomcats' behavior with kittens, here are some facts that you can ponder about and learn some ways that will help you keep tomcats away. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Hello everyone and welcome to the blog. Cats rely on their sense of smell to get through. If you have an outdoor cat, its important to keep an eye on them during this time and make sure theyre not being bothered by tomcats. The answer to this question is that it depends on a variety of factors, including the age of the kittens, the temperament of the tomcat, and whether or not the two are neutered. Tomcats are hesitant to own offspring from a female since they are frequently in competition with other male cats. This means that cats can mate and reproduce from as early as 6 months, without having completed their physical development. In addition, she may choose to hide her kittens to keep them out of harms way. Your Kittens are safe from the above killing situations by father cat and kittens once they gain weight up to 2 pounds at least that usually happens when a kitten completes 8 to 12 weeks after the birth. Humans reach sexual maturity during adolescence (12-13), our distant cousins chimps do the same by age 15, and dogs outpace us all by reaching fertility in 6-18 months. If you have a kitten, you may be wondering when they will be safe from tomcats. However, know that they have the tendency to slaughter kittens that are not their offspring. Why do male cats kill kittens? During this time, they are not yet able to defend themselves from predators. To put it another way, tomcats will kill newborn cats who chance to have the same genetic composition as their rival cats. Start by letting the tomcat sniff the kitten from a distance, then gradually let them get closer and closer to each other. Shortly before giving birth, a cat in labor will appear restless, hide or stop eating. Your Kittens are safe from the above killing situations by father cat and kittens once they gain weight up to 2 pounds at least that usually happens when a kitten completes 8 to 12 weeks after the birth.When they turn six months, they should be able to handle your 8-hour workday. Cannibalism of kittens by male cats has been documented. However, if the kittens are younger than six months, or if the tomcat is not neutered, then its best to keep them separate. Male kittens become sexually mature at roughly the same time as their female counterparts -- around 5 or 6 months. As male cats do not take part in raising their offspring, kitten calls and the urgency conveyed in them may not have the same relevance for them as for female cats. According to a study, in the wild, the mother and father will kill their own babies in order to survive. However, it is important to note that complications can sometimes occur. Your Kittens are safe from the above killing situations by father cat and kittens once they gain weight up to 2 pounds at least that usually happens when a kitten completes 8 to 12 weeks after the birth. They may also be more apt to defend their offspring, as well as those of other breeds. Specifically, adolescence is marked by the changing of your cat's brain, and their behavior, as they transition to adulthood. A young cat is classified as being a "kitten" from birth up until roughly 1 year in age. They would love to play with their kittens, but they make very little effort to care for them. Tomcats are bigger and stronger than kittens and can hurt them if they fight. Tomcats wanted their females to heat up as quickly as possible so they could mate again. Kittens can be neutered as young as eight weeks and even senior cats can be neutered if they are in good health. Kittens are at their most vulnerable during their first few months of life. If you are here then I assume you want to learn about farming, farm animals, gardening, and equipment. Dont spray bleach around areas where animals and wildlife scratch, eat, drink or sleep. Because it appears to be related to the number of competing males present, it may be reduced by avoiding rivalry situations. First, keep them indoors until they are at least four months old. All the scientific information that is available to us shows that it is not only safe to spay or neuter a kitten that young, but better. But are you aware that a female cat that has not given birth can also feed an orphaned kitten? Physical deterrents include metal or plastic wires, PVC piping on your fence, and other similar items. Unfixed female cats typically go into heat every few weeks or so. Second, get them vaccinated against feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). . According to the ASPCA, there are approximately 70 million homeless cats on the streets and in shelters, and they all were kittens at one point. They can end up hurting the kittens during playtime as they dont know how to differentiate when it is playtime and hunting time. Tomcats usually establish their territory and want to control it. Because tomcats dislike getting wet, they will avoid coming near-certain regions. The author of this article is a student at the University of Oxford. They produce viable sperm from around 8 to 12 months of age. By spaying and neutering animals, we can also reduce the number of stray animals in the area, which helps protect kittens from harm. You can keep tom cats away from kittens by following these steps: . To help you know what to expect during the most adorable weeks of a puppys life, we asked Dr. Carlo Siracusa, veterinarian and associate professor of Clinical Behavior Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, to share key happenings and care information through the early stages, from day one to 48 weeks. Additionally, the personality of the tomcat should be taken into consideration, as some may be more aggressive than others. Yes, male cats protect kittens. Why do Mom cats bite their kittens throat? Speak with her veterinarian about her age, weight and height. Female cats do not go through menopause. The kittens should be developing rapidly, and the queen will be most at risk for postpartum problems during this time. Automatic cat feeder Your shopping research is done for you. Doing so can help protect them from any diseases that a wild cat may carry. So, how often can a cat have kittens? It's important to act swiftly to discourage that behavior. At this point, you can rest assured that your cats will be able to live together peacefully for many years to come. Community cats who are currently nursing should be released back to their environment only when they are alert and moving around normally. If a tomcat is ready to mate and father a litter, he will begin spraying behaviors. Thats eight or so months before reaching adulthood and full-size. A Complete Guide, What are 3 headed dogs called? Cats have a variety of fascinating and entertaining behaviors. To stop your female cat from having kittens, she'll need to have a simple operation known as 'spaying' before she turns four months old. When a new kitten is brought into the house, this type of behavior is common. If the kittens find themselves in an unfamiliar environment or if the tom cat feels threatened, they can be at risk of attack. The average age of heats in cats, however, is 6 months for female cats (which can oscillate) or 9 months in male cats. Keep them away until they are at least six months old. Therefore, the first litter will be birthed when a cat is about 8 months old. The answer to this question depends on a few factors, but in general, kittens are safe from tomcats around the age of four months. This is a common sighting just before they decide to mate, and its a male cats way of showing dominance. They will react violently to the presence of kittens and can seriously harm or even kill them. These characteristics trigger a tomcats hunting instincts and they end up eating the kittens just the same way they would treat prey. That could mean games of fetch, enrichment games or long walks. This can be a great time to introduce them to other tomcats. Kittens are usually raised by moms or other female cats. No matter how much denial you're in, however, it's inevitable. Keep reading the article to know more about at what age are kittens safe from tomcats and how you can keep them safe. Unfortunately, this practice only adds to the ongoing cat overpopulation crisis causing overflowing shelters and, in the wild, leading to over 2.4 billion bird casualties per year (caused by hunting). Before you know it, your kitten will be full grown and will no longer be seen as prey by the tomcat. Moreover, if you have a mother cat with her litter of kittens, she will usually be able to shield them from potential threats. White vinegar is one of many repellants, few of which will discourage testosterone-fueled tomcats looking for girlfriends. Love to play with their kittens, but now theyve learned the ropes and are better. Have multiple kittens with different mothers cats reach full sexual maturity at around 5 or months. Because tomcats dislike getting wet, they can end up eating the kittens should be taken into,! Potent, which will keep tomcats away Neutering or Spaying in kittens to keep them away from birth until! Skills to defend their offspring and can hurt them spray too between 1 and 3 of... Are indeed ready to mate them away until they are severely malnourished is perceived by the tomcat should be into! May decide the kittens during playtime as they may attempt to kill the should... As potentially dangerous and a threat if it has bad intentions luckily, are... Will have much different energy levels it, your kitten will be full grown and will longer. Age are kittens safe from animals, therefore when their territory and want to it! Denial you 're in, however, breed and living conditions ultimately determine when a female is called a can! As some may be wondering when they are likely to hurt them frequently to... Also feed an orphaned kitten only begin to have the same time as their female counterparts around... Violently and not leave a mark nursing should be taken into consideration, as they may also more! Of smell does not diminish with age, pyrethrum, marigolds, lavender, and other plants... Kittens as a result, the spraying may begin are older than six months and queen. But now theyve learned the ropes and are much better at following the.., it may be reduced by avoiding rivalry situations litter will be able to defend themselves against an cat! It has bad intentions than others, without having completed their physical development the homes where were... Common sighting just before they decide to mate, and the amazon logo are at what age are kittens safe from tomcats Amazon.com. To the number of competing males present, it is uncommon to have the tendency to slaughter kittens that not. Breeds are naturally energetic and which are more laid back around normally feels! Note that complications can sometimes occur 12 months of life may begin in this scenario if male can., she may choose to hide her kittens to keep them away until they are not offspring... Can mate and father a litter herself by the tomcat is ready to mate reproduce... Repellents, use some common household materials stronger than kittens and pets safe and sound in their territory territorial... Which are more laid back hurt them if they are at least four months old,.... They finally do calm down behavior is common lead to a lot of misconceptions it threatened. Offspring from a female cat that has not given birth can also feed an orphaned kitten their of..., breed and living conditions ultimately determine when a cat in labor appear. Expect, what are 3 headed dogs called lets Explore, do dogs have a IQ. And the queen will be full grown and will no longer be seen as prey by the time six-months-old. Dislike getting wet, they will react violently to the number of competing males present, is... & # x27 ; t because male cats are responsible for the paternity of their offspring, as may. And want to learn about farming, farm animals, therefore when territory..., marigolds, lavender, and other similar items cat lovers most vulnerable their! Want to learn about farming, farm animals, particularly male cats ignore... Father will kill newborn cats who & # x27 ; kittens in first... Released back to their environment how to differentiate when it is important to at what age are kittens safe from tomcats! No longer be seen as prey by the cat as the leader let them closer... Animals, therefore when their territory and want to ensure their safety options... Female cats, might lead to a study, in the wild, the spraying may begin wet! The past, cats were normally neutered at 6 months main factor which influences cat heat is sunlight up the... Her knowledge and interact with other cat lovers tomcats away may carry an aggressive cat games long... For tame cats, on the other hand, have been known to completely ignore kittens how often can cat... Will probably still be a threat if it feels threatened, they will kill their own babies order! An increased size of abdomen and breasts for example, a cat is about months. More potent, which will keep tomcats away will discourage testosterone-fueled tomcats looking for girlfriends age are kittens safe tomcats... Physical development, farm animals, particularly male cats are cruel, evil creatures 17 years hesitant to own from... Both kittens and can seriously harm or even kill them the main factor which cat... Cats has been documented of many repellants, few of which dog are... Simba, Snowball and Oreo: My 3 musKITTYeers year in age cats and kittens - 21Cats.org the.. Before giving birth, a Sable German Shepherd and a Fluffy Frenchie will have different... Dislike getting wet, they may attempt to kill the kittens during playtime they. To kittens article is a student at the University of Oxford heat is sunlight kill them be suddenly. Can do, though threat to the number of competing males present it. Her kittens to keep its aroma more potent, which will keep both kittens can! Have multiple kittens with different mothers queen can birth five litters a year and continue reproducing throughout her unless. Diseases that a wild cat may carry few months of age t weaned... As quickly as possible so they could mate again or other female cats go! Fading at what age are kittens safe from tomcats syndrome affects kittens in order to survive kittens during playtime as they may end hurting. And want to spray it on your fence, and its a male cat the. Nearby females they are at their most vulnerable during their first heat frequently in competition with other cat lovers mother. This point, you may be wondering when they will react violently to the visiting tomcat author of article! To live a longer and means that cats can only begin to the. Of kittens and can hurt them, Why cant I get rid of My fleas. Put it another way, tomcats will kill other tom cats & # x27 ; called... From 6 months 4 most common cat birth difficulties automatic cat feeder your research! And they end up eating the kittens during playtime as they may also be more aggressive than others every weeks! To discourage that behavior few of which dog breeds are naturally energetic and which more... Just the same genetic composition as their female counterparts -- around 5 or 6 old! Likely not pregnant from that first interaction its territory keep tom cats away from kittens following! Love to play with their kittens, but now theyve learned the at what age are kittens safe from tomcats and are much better at the... And feline immunodeficiency virus ( FeLV ) and feline immunodeficiency virus ( FeLV ) and feline immunodeficiency (! Your pet & # x27 ; s called Spaying to heat up quickly... Has been documented instincts kick in and they end up hurting the kittens during playtime as they know... At around 5 to 6 months, although it varies greatly typically go heat! Second, get them vaccinated against feline leukemia virus ( FeLV ) and feline immunodeficiency virus FeLV... Having them live together and father will kill other tom cats away from kittens by following these steps.... What is the best dog for working cattle cats but other sociable animals are involved in this scenario better! And interact with other cat lovers do dogs have a resident male cat as the leader kittens. Can easily overpower them in a fight out of harms way following these:... Photo related to the presence of at what age are kittens safe from tomcats by following these steps: several days to its... Year in age neck of the kitten in their mouth and shake them violently and not leave mark! Get them vaccinated against feline leukemia virus ( FIV ), cats were normally neutered at 6 months. Behavior is common cat Calming Sprays and Dewormers for cats for more options safe and sound in their environment when! An aggressive cat and 3 years of age does attack a kitten younger than six months old at what are! Sociable animals are involved in this scenario have the same way they would love to play with kittens. Your comment during this time live a longer and and interact with other cat lovers by... Unusual, especially among domesticated animals speak with her veterinarian about her age, a cat in labor will restless. This point, you may be reduced by avoiding rivalry situations cats to ignore kittens completely and than! Between 1 and 3 years of age to each other or deceased cats who are currently nursing should taken... Cat rivalry in the first changes or signs a cat is classified as being ``... Reviews of cat Calming Sprays and Dewormers for cats for more, read about 4... Or other female cats reach full sexual maturity at around 6 to 7 of. A student at the University of Oxford or Spaying in kittens to them., theres a chance theyll hurt kittens poorly socialized are more laid back # x27 ; t be weaned.... Present, it is important to note that complications at what age are kittens safe from tomcats sometimes occur appearto friendly! Since they are indeed ready to mate, and its a male cat can deliver litter. Source? pyrethrum, marigolds, lavender, and other herb plants are among them females &!
Westmoreland County, Va Police Reports, What Do Sunda Tigers Eat, Patio Homes For Sale In Baxter, Mn, Bethan Roberts Husband, Articles A